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EB和眼睛 原作者:Gillian SIM女士,眼科护理专家;Malcolm Kerr-Muir先生,眼科顾问医生 原文链接: http://www.debra-international.org/fileadmin/editor/docs/The_eyes_and_EB.pdf;本地存档 翻译:周迎春 结构眼睛是脸上位于眶骨/眼眶中的圆球。它直径大约1"/2.5厘米,并包含各种组织和体液,它们共同作用使一个人有了视觉。球体背面有一根大神经,成为视神经,直通大脑,其携带的神经冲动在大脑中转换成我们所看到的图像。 眼睛只有前边的部分能看见,并且由眼睑保护。像身体的其它部分一样,眼球的白色表面覆盖着一层薄皮肤(结膜),不过这层表皮在有颜色的地方(虹膜和瞳孔)是透明的。这就是角膜,其功能是让光线进到眼睛里面,通过虹膜后面的晶状体(就像相机的镜头)。 结膜和角膜非常敏感,它们不仅是一个物理保护层,还含有可以产生泪膜成分的细胞和腺体,不断的清洗眼睛表面。腺体(泪腺)位于上眼睑的颞侧里面,靠近眉毛。产生泪膜的水分成分,也在哭泣或眼睛受伤的时候产生额外的眼泪。 眼球表面还有很多感觉神经末梢,角膜上集中了很多。这些神经是眼睛的一种保护机制,在有异物(例如睫毛、沙尘)或外伤(如指甲等尖锐物划伤)可能影响眼睛组织和视力的时候提醒人。 眼泪眼泪在角膜和结膜外面形成一层薄膜。这一层超薄膜的功能是:
泪膜有三层。
脂质层帮助避免泪液中水分的快速蒸发,粘液层帮助泪膜附着在眼睛表面。 泪膜成分或眼睛表面的改变,能引起泪液不稳定,称为干眼症。 眼睑眼睑可以保护眼睛精致的结构,由皮肤、肌肉和显微组织组成。眼睑的皮肤是身上最薄的。 眼睑的皮肤和结膜接触的地方是睑缘,这里也有睫毛和产生泪膜的睑板腺。在上下睑缘的内侧(靠近鼻子),有小导管把多余的泪水排到鼻子后面。 每分钟眼睑都会闭上(眨眼)好几次,也可以自主性的闭上。眨眼帮助泪水流过眼睛,在可能受到损伤的时候眼睑闭上可以再增加一层保护。夜里眼睑闭上帮助减少泪水的蒸发。 眼睑结构的破坏能导致泪膜效用/产生方面的障碍,持续刺激眼睛本身。 结膜结膜是薄、透明的粘膜,覆盖眼睑的背面和眼球的正面。它含有产生烟柳需要的腺体和细胞。它也是眼睛的一个保护层。它是很精细的一层,容易受伤和发炎(结膜炎)。 角膜角膜是透明的构造,在大小和样式上和小手表的表面差不多。它有五层,总共厚度大约0.5mm。最外面的上皮细胞层非常柔嫩,很容易受伤,不过愈合也很快(通常在受伤后24小时内会产生一层新的细胞)。 它的功能是提供一层阻止感染进入眼睛的屏障,并提供一个光纤进入的窗口。 角膜有很多疼痛神经纤维,对其组织的任何破坏都会引起剧烈的疼痛,知道痊愈才会消失。 EB患者的眼睛症状很多EB患者都受眼病折磨,特别是营养不良型EB。 像身体的其他部位一样,眼睛的皮肤(上皮)很容易起疱。可能是自发的也可能是受伤,比如揉眼睛、或异物划伤、或泪膜被破坏引起干眼症和由此产生的摩擦。 眼睛的问题经常让人很烦恼,在疼痛之外还经常要忍受短期的视力中断。这可能影响日常生活,患者特别是儿童会很烦躁。 有水疱后眼睛需要细致的护理,但在没有水疱的时候给眼睛做整体护理却非常重要。 应该记住,患者还可能患其它与EB没有关系的眼病,比如白内障和屈光不正(比如需要戴眼镜的近视)。这些最好分开处理,只是患者需要确保医生知道他们有EB。 检查EB患者的烦恼之一就是眼科检查。很多时候良好的患者病历能帮助诊断,因此推荐患者记录信息,比如发生了什么(突然疼痛和流泪),时间(早上起床后),历史情况(同一只眼睛以前发生过三次)等。把这些记下来有好处,有些眼睛反复出问题的患者甚至有日志。 当检查EB患者眼睛的时候需要遵循几个简单的规则。多数眼科医生诊治EB患者的疾病都很有经验,但如果患者怀疑,下面的建议可能有用: 如有可能,采用非接触的技术。这一点对成年患者比较容易,因为患者能配合医生。如果是小孩儿,用玩具或光线分散注意力有助于眼睛睁大。 如果患者的疼痛使受伤的眼睛睁不开,可以使用有麻醉效果的滴眼液。可以用盐酸丙美卡因[ Proxymetacaine Hydrochloride],它不像盐酸丁氧普鲁卡因[Benoxinate Hydrochloride]那样刺激眼睛。 最重要的是不应该强行拨开眼睑,这样会进一步损伤眼睑或结膜/角膜。患者睁开眼睛的情况下,可以轻轻的移动眼睑以检查被覆盖的结膜。但同样接触应该很轻,如果患者无法合作,最好停止。 用手电或裂隙灯(如果有的话)检查的时候,光线应该斜射。因为亮光直射眼睛能造成虹膜痉挛并引起疼痛、畏光、闭眼。 滴入荧光素(也可以与丙美卡因联合使用,麻醉和检查只需要一滴)能显示出在普通光线下检出不出的上皮病变。 角膜水疱(糜烂)像皮肤一样,眼睛的表面也会长疱。角膜上(眼睛的透明部分)长一个小疱也会非常疼。这叫做角膜糜烂。这种问题可能从婴儿期开始,但也有一些患者直到成年也没有发生过。通常发生问题前没有预兆,但也可能在一次严重糜烂前会有几次轻的表现。 糜烂经常会在24小时内愈合,时间与水疱的大小有关。一般愈合后没有瘢痕,但如果有感染或者糜烂面积很大或经常发生,也可能有瘢痕并导致视力下降。 DEB患者的角膜边缘,通常是下边缘,会有一片霾。这称为“阔角膜缘”[Broad Limbus],似乎对眼睛的功能没有影响。 护理儿童的角膜糜烂与承认基本上一样。 一旦发生水疱,需要处理的主要是强烈的疼痛。口服像对乙酰氨基酚这样的镇痛剂会有用,但如果口腔服药困难,滴Voltarol Ophtha(0.1%的双氯芬酸钠)也有用。 闭上眼睛静养也有帮助。这时眼睑就像眼睛上面的绷带一样,眼睛本身的运动减少也减少了受伤部位的摩擦。 像丁氧普鲁卡因[Benoxinate]这样的麻醉性滴眼液不应该用于治疗,因为它们延缓愈合过程,麻醉效果也增加了患者不知不觉中继续受伤的风险。麻醉性滴眼液只能用于检查,或者情况特殊时在医生指导下用于特定目的。比如,焦虑的孩子/成人要进手术室,同时角膜水疱很严重,局部使用麻醉滴眼液可以在它们进入手术室的时候改善视力,此时如果视力不足会增加他们的焦虑。不过,必须让麻醉师和手术人员知道用过麻醉性滴眼液。 激素类眼药水只能严格按照医疗专家的建议使用,用的不好有副作用。 在急性期抹润滑油也有用。推荐使用像Lacri-Lube或Simple Eye Ointment[译注:主要成分是凡士林。用凡士林就很好。]这样的凝胶和油膏,它们比眼药水持续的时间长,不需要频繁使用。然而,如果使用这些润滑剂的时候眼睛睁不开,最好就不要用,否则可能会因为试图拨开眼睑的动作加重创伤。 如果24小时后糜烂还没有改善并且有感染的迹象,可以在医生的指导下使用含抗生素的药膏,比如夫西地酸凝胶或氯霉素药膏。 受伤的眼睛包扎有助于缓解疼痛的症状,但不一定能加快恢复。由于不能用胶带,固定纱布是个问题。推荐使用Netelast[国内没听说过]或其它舒适的绷带,仍然需要定期检查敷料的位置,因为敷料本身能产生摩擦并伤害眼睛。 在角膜糜烂期间戴太阳镜能减轻畏光(看亮光时疼痛)问题。眼睛受伤后,虹膜(有颜色的部分)会痉挛。当患者出于耀眼的阳光下或明亮的房间时,瞳孔收缩会导致虹膜痉挛加剧,产生疼痛。如果疼痛剧烈,可以滴入扩瞳药滴眼液,比如Mydrilate(盐酸环戊通 0.5%/1%),“放松”虹膜,缓解疼痛。 有人指出对EB患者的眼睛采取预防措施能减少角膜糜烂的发生。 不论眼睛是否有问题,每晚定期使用润滑性的凝胶或药膏,好像可以明显减少糜烂。白天使用润眼液(药膏会导致短暂的视力模糊)似乎也有好处。 眼睑和结膜的问题像角膜一样,眼睑和结膜也容易长水疱。任何时候眼睑都可能长水疱,但通常是揉眼睛引起的,特别是小孩儿。水疱的处理最好和身体其它部位一样,不过包扎是个问题。当水疱在眼睑边缘的时候推荐滴润眼液,因为眼睑边缘变形会使泪膜破裂,进而眼干并产生摩擦,可能也会导致角膜或结膜水疱。 结膜水疱一般不太疼,也不太畏光,但处理方法和角膜糜烂一样。 遗憾的是,结膜和眼睑水疱反复发生能留下瘢痕,特别是对营养不良型EB患者。这会产生睑球粘连,此时眼睑的内侧和结膜融合到一起。这会使眼睛闭不上,并且眼睛表面变的不规则,破坏泪膜。如果眼球因为反复水疱、闭合不严、和无效眨眼产生瘢痕,会增加角膜糜烂的发生频率。兔眼(眼睑无法完全闭上)导致夜间眼球暴露(睡觉时眼睑仍开着),这又导致眼睛干燥并可能产生水疱。暴露1-2mm好像就有影响。由于患者睡觉的时候不知道,通常是父母或配偶先发现问题。 再一次,夜里例行使用润眼液能减少角膜和结膜的糜烂。如果瘢痕和产生的眼球变形严重,可以做矫正手术。最好与有EB经验的眼科/整形科医生讨论。 泪膜的问题眼睛表面不规则很容易破坏泪膜。而因为可能有过水疱,营养不良型EB患者常发生这个问题。 不规则使眼泪聚集在一些地方,而另一些位置干燥。总体来说泪膜的作用降低,眼球和眼睑的摩擦增大。这一点在早上醒来的时候比较明显,眼睑睁开的时候能撕伤眼睛表面产生水疱。 泪膜的功能还受其它因素(比如空调),及眨眼减少(比如聚精会神看电脑)的影响。花粉热和其它过敏反应也有影响,需要考虑。 治疗办法是定期润滑。夜里用软膏(如Simple Eye Ointment[一种润眼膏品牌]),或凝胶(如Lacri-Lube),白天在需要的时候用滴眼液(如Viscotears[活视康]或Hypromellose[羟丙甲纤维素])。这些润眼剂不含任何药物,所以可以频繁使用。不过一些患者会对制剂中含的防腐剂,如苯扎氯铵,过敏,这种情况下可以用不含防腐剂的制剂。 可以买到的润眼剂不下15种。常用的是活视康[Viscotears],克润[Lacri-Lube],羟丙甲纤维素[Hypromellose],和Simple Eye Ointment[一种润眼膏品牌]。患者可以试用几种并找出最适合自己的。可以和医生或药剂师商量。 不建议用洗眼器冲洗眼睛,这样会进一步破坏泪膜,只能带来暂时的改善。然而当眼睛里有异物的时候(如沙子),应该首先用生理盐水冲洗,没有生理盐水用凉开水也行,然后在异物清除掉以后滴润眼液。 儿童的眼睛护理护理EB儿童的父母可能有很多事情要做,眼睛护理可能排不上号。不过一旦眼睛有了问题,周围的人都会很痛苦。所以有助于降低眼睛水疱发生次数的措施值得一试。 所有小孩儿,不论有没有EB,在生活中都会受伤。这不可避免的会带来眼睛的问题,或者游戏中指甲刮到,或者在沙坑或沙滩上玩的时候弄进沙子。 各种年纪的小孩儿困了或紧张的时候都习惯于揉眼睛。角膜炎这样的感染很常见。 上面提到的这些情况,以及其它问题,都可能导致眼睛水疱。不能禁止小孩儿参与他们又能力的活动,但是父母应当清楚可能发生的问题已经怎样处理。
Most children do not like having their eyes examined, or medication instilled. Interestingly, children who are born with blocked tear ducts and therefore have sticky watery eyes, seem to be much more amenable to examination and treatment. This may be due to the fact that since birth, they have become accustomed to regular cleaning, examination and drop treatment. Parents incorporate eye care into the daily routine, and babies soon learn that it is normal and non-threatening. Sometimes they even seem to enjoy the process. Examination of these babies in the clinic is relatively easy. Although not scientifically proven, it may be that if the child’s first encounter with eye care is when they have a painful problem causing anxiety in both child and parent, they may be fearful of further care in the future. Clearly not all children are the same, and some are more sensitive than others. But, a routine of gentle eye care from early infancy may help reduce problems when blistering does occur. A school of thought feels that children with severe types of EB, especially dystrophic, should be prescribed routine lubricants from an early age. Gentle cleansing of the eyelids using boiled cooled water or saline solution becomes part of the daily routine. Children should be discouraged from rubbing their eyes. Unfortunately, the dressings that the children may have on their hands, becomes an ideal tool for rubbing the eye! If this is a problem especially with babies, soft cotton mitts can be put loosely over the dressings reducing the direct friction of the dressings on the eyelids. If blistering occurs, do not attempt to prise open the eyelids to examine or instill lubricants. If the child is able to open the affected eye itself, a lubricant ointment or gel can be instilled, and painkillers can be given. If they are unable to open the eye, lie the child down flat, with their eyes closed and apply a generous amount of ointment or gel to the closed lids along the lashes and lid margins. Over a few minutes this will melt and seep into the eye. A gauze pad moistened with boiled cooled water or saline and laid over the closed eyes may help to make the eye more comfortable. An eyepad can be applied but it is not a necessity. The child should be encouraged to rest and not move the eyes as much as possible. If the blistering is minor, watching television is ideal, although computer games are not recommended since the concentration required usually reduces blinking time and it would therefore be better if the eye was padded. If the affected eye is not more comfortable within 24 hours or has got worse, expert advice should be sought from an ophthalmologist. Sunglasses are now available for all children and even the smallest babies. They are very helpful if a child has photophobia following a blister in the eye, or when playing outside with other children. Inexpensive, supple, brightly coloured, trendy sunglasses made by Tommy Tippee especially for babies and children are widely available in chemists. Care should be taken that they are the right size, and that they do not cause rubbing behind the ears or on the bridge of the nose. Children should have the usual routine eye tests throughout infancy and childhood, and squints and any other disorders such as lid problems should be referred to an ophthalmologist specialising in care of EB patients. If a child needs to wear corrective glasses, parents should ensure that a qualified ophthalmic optician fits them correctly. Some sports companies now make frames that are supple and light and these seem to help reduce the rubbing and potential blistering behind the ears and bridge of the nose. Wire ear pieces are not recommended, so if the child is having difficulty keeping the glasses on, special bands made from a neoprene type material can be obtained from most sports/surf shops and some larger opticians. These brightly coloured bands cover the earpieces of the frames and are secured at the back of the head with a bead or tie. 成人的眼睛护理 In adulthood, eye problems appear to diminish, but some patients continue to suffer recurrent erosions and may have scarring from earlier erosions, which cause further problems. Patients should be encouraged to take responsibility for their own eye care. If they are able to write and comb their hair, most should be able to instill their own eye drops. Some patients decide to discontinue their lubricant eye drops when their eyes feel better. This is discouraged, since the lubricants do not cure the problem, but maintain the tearfilm and therefore help reduce the incidence of blistering. If patients’ work involves using a computer for long periods of time, care should be taken that the concentration involved does not affect the eyes. Regular breaks from the computer, when the patient should blink with complete eye closure for about a minute. This will help combat the affects of reduced blinking and drying of the eyes which can occur. Although not scientifically proven, it appears that stress and tiredness affect the tearfilm, especially at night. Many patients have stated that following a stressful/tiring period they have had more episodes of blistering than usual. Therefore, it is recommended that patients instill lubricants at night during those periods, if they are not routinely taking them. For cosmetic reasons, or intolerance of glasses (persistent blistering of ears and bridge of nose) some patients may wish to wear contact lenses. They would need to discuss this with an ophthalmologist, experienced in patients with EB.
最后更新:2012/01/08 |